Clare Elwell

Education

• B.Sc. (Physics with Medical Physics) University of Exeter (1988)
• M.Phil "Measurements in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea" University of Exeter (1991)
• Ph.D. "Measurement and data analysis techniques for the investigation of adult cerebral haemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy" University College London (1995)

Research Interests

• Near Infrared Spectroscopy
• Instrumentation Development
• Monitoring Brain Injury In Adults, Children And Neonates
• Functional Activation Studies In Adults 
• Functional Activation Studies in Typically and Atypically Developing Infants
• Brain Imaging for Global Health
• Mathematical Modelling Of Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism

My research focus is on using innovative physics and engineering to develop novel optical systems for monitoring and imaging the human body. I lead a number of multidisciplinary teams applying near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) methods in the clinical and life sciences. Projects include clinical monitoring of acute brain injury in adults, neonates and children, characterisation of infant brain development to provide early markers of autism, and development of tools to investigate migraine, malaria, depression and exercise. Instrumentation development includes the use of novel source and detector technology to produce a wearable multiwavelength NIRS topography system to enable spatially resolved measures of oxygenation, haemodynamics and metabolism. I also have an interest in the use of mathematical models of cerebral physiology to aid interpretation of NIRS and other multimodal datasets.

In 2012 I led a Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funded project to establish the feasibility of fNIRS to study brain development in infants in rural Gambia, resulting in the first functional brain imaging of infants in Africa (www.globalfnirs.org, @globalfnirs). I am currently leading the BRain Imaging for Global HealTh (BRIGHT, @bright_project) project to develop brain function for age curves over the first two years of life in Gambian and UK infants. I am also a past President of the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue and the incoming President of the Society for Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy.

One of my projects, The BRIGHT Project is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and investigates the impact of malnutrition on brain development in infants in rural Gambia resulting in the first functional brain imaging of infants in Africa. This research is aimed at informing nutritional and other interventions targeted at protecting the ‘at risk’ brain and enabling children to reach their full developmental potential.

I am also the recipient of the 2016 WISE Research Award, recognising the research that I have carried out using novel optical imaging techniques to understand the human brain in health and disease.

Teaching Activities

• Intercalated B.Sc. Tutor
• MPHY3886/MPHYM886 – Optics in Medicine
• M.Sc. in Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging
• M.Sc. in Radiation Physics with Medical Applications
• M.Res. Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX)
• Msc. Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London

Public Engagement and Outreach

Clare has contributed to broad range of public engagement and outreach activities including exhibits at the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition, British Science Festival, Design Council and Wellcome Collection, talks at the House of Commons, Royal Institution, Institute of Physics, Institute of Education and Science Museum and filming for BBCs Horizon and Bang Goes the Theory. In 2012 she was awarded the UCL Provost’s Prize for Public Engagement. In 2013 the UK Medical Research Council honoured her with a Science Suffragette Award and in 2014 she won the Inspirational Teacher Award as part of the UK Inspirational Awards for Women. 

Publications

• Katus, L., Mason, L., Milosavljevic, B., McCann, S., Rozhko, M., Moore, S. E., . . . Prentice, A. (2020). ERP markers are associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in 1–5 month old infants in rural Africa and the UK. NeuroImage, 210. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116591

• Milosavljevic, B., Vellekoop, P., Maris, H., Halliday, D., Drammeh, S., Sanyang, L., . . . Lloyd-Fox, S. (2019). Adaptation of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning for use among infants aged 5- to 24-months in rural Gambia. Developmental Science. doi:10.1111/desc.12808

• Blasi, Lloyd-Fox, Katus, & Elwell. (2019). fNIRS for Tracking Brain Development in the Context of Global Health Projects. Photonics, 6 (3), 89. doi:10.3390/photonics6030089

• Downey, D., Brigadoi, S., Trevithick, L., Elliott, R., Elwell, C., McAllister-Williams, R. H., & Anderson, I. M. (2019). Frontal haemodynamic responses in depression and the effect of electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1177/0269881119858313

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Blasi, A., McCann, S., Rozhko, M., Katus, L., Mason, L., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2019). Habituation and novelty detection fNIRS brain responses in 5- and 8-month-old infants: The Gambia and UK. Developmental Science. doi:10.1111/desc.12817

• Katus, L., Hayes, N. J., Mason, L., Blasi, A., McCann, S., Darboe, M. K., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2019). Implementing neuroimaging and eye tracking methods to assess neurocognitive development of young infants in low- and middle-income countries. Gates Open Research, 3, 1113. doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.12951.2

• Perdue, K. L., Jensen, S. K. G., Kumar, S., Richards, J. E., Kakon, S. H., Haque, R., . . . Nelson, C. A. (2019). Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy to assess social information processing in poor urban Bangladeshi infants and toddlers. Developmental Science. doi:10.1111/desc.12839

• Highton, D., Chitnis, D., Brigadoi, S., Phan, P., Tachtsidis, I., Cooper, R., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2018). A Fibreless Multiwavelength NIRS System for Imaging Localised Changes in Cerebral Oxidised Cytochrome C Oxidase. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1072, 339-343. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91287-5_54

• Siddiqui, M. F., Lloyd-Fox, S., Kaynezhad, P., Tachtsidis, I., Johnson, M. H., & Elwell, C. E. (2018). Changes in cytochrome-C-oxidase account for changes in attenuation of near-infrared light in the healthy infant brain. Oxygen Transport to Tissue XL, 1072, 7-12. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91287-5_2

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Blasi, A., Pasco, G., Gliga, T., Jones, E. J. H., Murphy, D. G. M., . . . Johnson, M. H. (2018). Cortical responses before 6 months of life associate with later autism. European Journal of Neuroscience. doi:10.1111/ejn.13757

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Begus, K., Halliday, D., Pirazzoli, L., Blasi, A., Papademetriou, M., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2017). Cortical specialisation to social stimuli from the first days to the second year of life: A rural Gambian cohort. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 25, 92-104. doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.11.005

• Ghosh, A., Highton, D., Kolyva, C., Tachtsidis, I., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2017). Hyperoxia results in increased aerobic metabolism following acute brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. doi:10.1177/0271678X16679171

• Brigadoi, S., Phan, P., Highton, D., Powell, S., Cooper, R., Smith, M., . . . Gibson, A. (2017). Image reconstruction of oxidized cerebral cytochrome C oxidase changes from broadband near-infrared spectroscopy data. Neurophotonics. doi:10.1117/1.NPh.4.2.021105

• Anderson, I. M., Blamire, A., Branton, T., Clark, R., Downey, D., Dunn, G., . . . McAllister-Williams, R. H. (2017). Ketamine augmentation of electroconvulsive therapy to improve neuropsychological and clinical outcomes in depression (Ketamine-ECT): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, superiority trial. LANCET PSYCHIATRY, 4 (5), 365-377. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30077-9

• Siddiqui, M. F., Lloyd-Fox, S., Kaynezhad, P., Tachtsidis, I., Johnson, M. H., & Elwell, C. E. (2017). Non-invasive measurement of a metabolic marker of infant brain function. SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 7, ARTN 1330. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01394-z

• Elwell, C. E., Leung, T. S., & Harrison, D. K. (2016). Erratum. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 876. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3023-4_66

• Perdue, K.L. and Jensen, S.K.G. and Kumar, S. and Richards, J.E. and Kakon, S.H. and Haque, R. and Petri, W.A. and Lloyd-Fox, Sarah and Elwell, Clare and Nelson, C.A. (2019) Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy to assess social information processing in poor urban Bangladeshi infants and toddlers. Developmental Science , e12839. ISSN 1363-755x. (In Press)

• Bale, G., Elwell, C. E., & Tachtsidis, I. (2016). From Jobsis to the present day: a review of clinical near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of cerebral cytochrome-c-oxidase (vol 21, 091307, 2016). JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS, 21 (9), ARTN 099801. doi:10.1117/1.JBO.21.9.099801

• Bale, G., Elwell, C. E., & Tachtsidis, I. (2016). From Jöbsis to the present day: A review of clinical near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of cerebral cytochrome-c-oxidase. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 21 (9). doi:10.1117/1.JBO.21.9.091307

• Chitnis, D., Cooper, R. J., Dempsey, L., Powell, S., Quaggia, S., Highton, D., . . . Everdell, N. L. (2016). Functional imaging of the human brain using a modular, fibre-less, high-density diffuse optical tomography system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS, 7 (10), 4275-4288. doi:10.1364/BOE.7.004275

• Ghosh, A., Highton, D., Kolyva, C., Tachtsidis, I., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2016). Hyperoxia results in increased aerobic metabolism following acute brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. doi:10.1177/0271678X16679171

• Caldwell, M., Scholkmann, F., Wolf, U., Wolf, M., Elwell, C., & Tachtsidis, I. (2016). Modelling confounding effects from extracerebral contamination and systemic factors on functional near-infrared spectroscopy. NeuroImage, 143, 91-105. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.058

• Phan, P. T., Highton, D., Lai, J., Smith, M., Elwell, C., & Tachtsidis, I. (2016). Multi-channel multi-distance broadband nearinfrared spectroscopy system to measure the spatial response of cellular oxygen metabolism and tissue oxygenation. Biomedical Optics Express. doi:10.1364/BOE.7.004424

• Chitnis, D., Airantzis, D., Highton, D., Williams, R., Phan, P., Giagka, V., . . . Everdell, N. (2016). Towards a wearable near infrared spectroscopic probe for monitoring concentrations of multiple chromophores in biological tissue in vivo. Review of Scientific Instruments. doi:10.1063/1.4954722

• Begus, K., Lloyd-Fox, S., Halliday, D., Papademetriou, M., Darboe, M. K., Prentice, A. M., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2016). Using fNIRS to Study Working Memory of Infants in Rural Africa.  OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXXVII, 876, 273-279. SPRINGER. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3023-4_34

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Wu, R., Richards, J. E., Elwell, C. E., & Johnson, M. H. (2015). Cortical Activation to Action Perception is Associated with Action Production Abilities in Young Infants. CEREBRAL CORTEX, 25 (2), 289-297. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht207

• Highton, D., Ghosh, A., Tachtsidis, I., Panovska-Griffiths, J., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2015). Monitoring Cerebral Autoregulation After Brain Injury: Multimodal Assessment of Cerebral Slow-Wave Oscillations Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA, 121 (1), 198-205. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000000790

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Richards, J. E., Blasi, A., Murphy, D. G. M., Elwell, C. E., & Johnson, M. H. (2014). Coregistering functional near-infrared spectroscopy with underlying cortical areas in infants. NEUROPHOTONICS, 1 (2), ARTN 025006. doi:10.1117/1.NPh.1.2.025006

• Robertson, J. L., Ghosh, A., Correia, T., Highton, D., Smith, M., Elwell, C. E., & Leung, T. S. (2014). Effect of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid on the accuracy of cerebral oxygenation measured by near infrared spectroscopy. null (pp. 233-240). doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0620-8_31

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Papademetriou, M., Darboe, M. K., Everdell, N. L., Wegmuller, R., Prentice, A. M., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2014). Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to assess cognitive function in infants in rural Africa. Scientific Reports, 4. doi:10.1038/srep04740

• Highton, D., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2014). NOVEL OPTICAL INVESTIGATION OF CEREBRAL OXYGENATION, HEMODYNAMICS AND METABOLISM FOLLOWING FAILURE OF CEREBRAL AUTOREGULATION.  INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE, 40, S122.

• Papademetriou, M. D., Lloyd Fox, S., Everdell, N. L., Darboe, M. K., Moore, S. E., Prentice, A. M., & Elwell, C. E. (2014). Optical imaging of brain activation in gambian infants. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 812, 263-269. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0620-8_35

• Gunadi, S., Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., & Tachtsidis, I. (2014). Spatial sensitivity and penetration depth of three cerebral oxygenation monitors. Biomedical Optics Express, 5 (9), 2896-2912. doi:10.1364/BOE.5.002896

• Boas, D. A., Elwell, C. E., Ferrari, M., & Taga, G. (2014). Twenty years of functional near-infrared spectroscopy: introduction for the special issue. NEUROIMAGE, 85, 1-5. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.033

• Everdell, N. L., Airantzis, D., Kolvya, C., Suzuki, T., & Elwell, C. E. (2013). A portable wireless near-infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy system for use on brain and muscle. Medical Engineering and Physics.

• Caicedo, A., Papademetriou, M. D., Elwell, C. E., Hoskote, A., Elliott, M. J., Van Huffel, S., & Tachtsidis, I. (2013). Canonical correlation analysis in the study of cerebral and peripheral haemodynamics interrelations with systemic variables in neonates supported on ECMO. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 765, 23-29. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4989-8-4

• Papademetriou, M. D., Richards, J., Correia, T., Blasi, A., Murphy, D. G., Lloyd-Fox, S., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2013). Cortical mapping of 3D optical topography in infants. Adv Exp Med Biol, 789, 455-461. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_61

• Kolyva, C., Ghosh, A., Tachtsidis, I., Highton, D., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. E. (2013). Dependence on NIRS source-detector spacing of cytochrome c oxidase response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in the adult brain. Adv Exp Med Biol, 789, 353-359. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_47

• Highton, D., Panovska-Griffiths, J., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. (2013). Mathematical Modelling of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Signals and Intracranial Pressure in Brain-Injured Patients. , 345-351. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_46

• Highton, D., Panovska-Griffiths, J., Ghosh, A., Tachtsidis, I., Banaji, M., Elwell, C., & Smith, M. (2013). Modelling cerebrovascular reactivity: a novel near-infrared biomarker of cerebral autoregulation?. Adv Exp Med Biol, 765, 87-93. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4989-8_13

• Ghosh, A., Tachtsidis, I., Kolyva, C., Highton, D., Elwell, C., & Smith, M. (2013). Normobaric hyperoxia does not change optical scattering or pathlength but does increase oxidised cytochrome C oxidase concentration in patients with brain injury. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 765, 67-62.

• Kolyva, C., Kingston, H., Tachtsidis, I., Mohanty, S., Mishra, S., Patnaik, R., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2013). Oscillations in cerebral haemodynamics in patients with falciparum malaria. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 765, 101-107. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4989-8-15

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Blasi, A., Elwell, C. E., Charman, T., Murphy, D., & Johnson, M. H. (2013). Reduced neural sensitivity to social stimuli in infants at risk for autism. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 280 (1758), ARTN 20123026. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.3026

• Ghosh, A., Kolyva, C., Tachtsidis, I., Highton, D., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2013). Reduction of cytochrome C oxidase during vasovagal hypoxia-ischemia in human adult brain: a case study. Adv Exp Med Biol, 789, 21-27. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_4

• Papademetriou, M., Tachtsidis, I., Elliott, M. J., Hoskote, A., & Elwell, C. E. (2013). Wavelet cross-correlation to investigate regional variations in cerebral oxygenation in infants supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 765, 203-209. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4989-8-28

• Moroz, T., Banaji, M., Tisdall, M., Cooper, C. E., Elwell, C. E., & Tachtsidis, I. (2012). Development of a model to aid NIRS data interpretation: results from a hypercapnia study in healthy adults. Adv Exp Med Biol, 737, 293-300. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1566-4_43

• Jelfs, B., Banaji, M., Tachtsidis, I., Cooper, C. E., & Elwell, C. E. (2012). Modelling noninvasively measured cerebral signals during a hypoxemia challenge: steps towards individualised modelling. PLoS One, 7 (6), e38297-?. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038297

• Papademetriou, M. D., Tachtsidis, I., Elliot, M. J., Hoskote, A., & Elwell, C. E. (2012). Multichannel near infrared spectroscopy indicates regional variations in cerebral autoregulation in infants supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Biomed Opt, 17 (6), 067008-?. doi:10.1117/1.JBO.17.6.067008

• Papademetriou, M. D., Tachtsidis, I., Banaji, M., Elliott, M. J., Hoskote, A., & Elwell, C. E. (2012). Optical topography to measure variations in regional cerebral oxygenation in an infant supported on veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. Adv Exp Med Biol, 737, 71-76. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1566-4_11

• Kolyva, C, Tachtsidis, I, Ghosh, A., Moroz, T, Cooper, CE, Smith, M, & Elwell, CE. (2012). Systematic investigation of changes in oxidized cerebral cytochrome c oxidase concentration during frontal lobe activation in healthy adults. Biomedical Optics Express, 3 (10), 2550-2566.

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Blasi, A., Mercure, E., Elwell, C. E., & Johnson, M. H. (2012). The emergence of cerebral specialization for the human voice over the first months of life. Soc Neurosci, 7 (3), 317-330. doi:10.1080/17470919.2011.614696

• Coutts, L. V., Cooper, C. E., Elwell, C. E., & Wilkins, A. J. (2012). Time course of the haemodynamic response to visual stimulation in migraine, measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. CEPHALALGIA, 32 (8), 621-629. doi:10.1177/0333102412444474

• Coutts, L. V., Cooper, C. E., Elwell, C. E., & Wilkins, A. J. (2012). Time course of the haemodynamic response to visual stimulation in migraine, measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. CEPHALALGIA, 32 (8), 621-629. doi:10.1177/0333102412444474

• Ghosh, A., Tachtsidis, I., Kolyva, C., Cooper, C. E., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. E. (2012). Use of a hybrid optical spectrometer for the measurement of changes in oxidized cytochrome c oxidase concentration and tissue scattering during functional activation. Adv Exp Med Biol, 737, 119-124. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-1566-4_18

• Wittekind, A., Cooper, C. E., Elwell, C. E., Leung, T. S., & Beneke, R. (2012). Warm-up effects on muscle oxygenation, metabolism and sprint cycling performance. Eur J Appl Physiol, 112 (8), 3129-3139. doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2262-z

• Tachtsidis, I., Tisdall, M. M., Pritchard, C., Leung, T. S., Ghosh, A., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2011). Analysis of the Changes in the Oxidation of Brain Tissue Cytochrome c Oxidase in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients during Hypercapnoea: a Broadband NIRS Study. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 915, 9-14.

• Leff, D. R., Orihuela-Espina, F., Elwell, C. E., Athanasiou, T., Delpy, D. T., Darzi, A. W., & Yang, G. -. Z. (2011). Assessment of the cerebral cortex during motor task behaviours in adults: A systematic review of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies. NEUROIMAGE, 54 (4), 2922-2936. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.058

• Elwell, C. E., Boas, D. A., Cooper, C. E., Delpy, D., Ferrari, M., Quaresima, V., & Yodh, A. G. (2011). Britton Chance 1913-2010 DEDICATION. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, 369 (1955), 4380-4389. doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0313

• Gao, L., Elwell, C. E., Kohl-Bareis, M., Gramer, M., Cooper, C. E., Leung, T. S., & Tachtsidis, I. (2011). Effects of assuming constant optical scattering on haemoglobin concentration measurements using NIRS during a Valsalva Manoeuvre. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 915, 15-20.

• Elwell, C. E., & Cooper, C. E. (2011). Making light work: illuminating the future of biomedical optics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, 369 (1955), 4358-4379. doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0302

• Elwell, C. E., & Kolyva, C. (2011). Making light work: illuminating the future of biomedical optics PREFACE. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES, 369 (1955), 4355-4357. doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0303

• Papademetriou, M. D., Tachtsidis, I., Banaji, M., Elliott, M. J., Hoskote, A., & Elwell, C. E. (2011). Regional cerebral oxygenation measured by multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (optical topography) in an infant supported on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 141 (5), e31-e33. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.01.026

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Blasi, A., Everdell, N., Elwell, C. E., & Johnson, M. H. (2011). Selective cortical mapping of biological motion processing in young infants. J Cogn Neurosci, 23 (9), 2521-2532. doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21598

• Tachtsidis, I., Gao, L., Leung, T. S., Kohl-Bareis, M., Cooper, C. E., & Elwell, C. E. (2010). A hybrid multi-distance phase and broadband spatially resolved spectrometer and algorithm for resolving absolute concentrations of chromophores in the near-infrared light spectrum. Adv Exp Med Biol, 662, 169-175. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1241-1_24

• Binzoni, T., Cooper, C. E., Wittekind, A. L., Beneke, R., Elwell, C. E., De Ville, D. V., & Leung, T. S. (2010). A new method to measure local oxygen consumption in human skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy. PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, 31 (9), 1257-1269. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/31/9/014

• Blasi, A., Phillips, D., Lloyd-Fox, S., Koh, P. H., & Elwell, C. E. (2010). Automatic Detection of Motion Artifacts in Infant Functional Optical Topography Studies.  OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXXI, 662, 279-284. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1241-1_40

• Papademetriou, M. D., Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T. S., Elliott, M. J., Hoskote, A., & Elwell, C. E. (2010). Cerebral and Peripheral Tissue Oxygenation in Children Supported on ECMO for Cardio-Respiratory Failure. OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXXI, 662, 447-453. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1241-1_64

• Tachtsidis, I., Koh, P. H., Stubbs, C., & Elwell, C. E. (2010). Functional optical topography analysis using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) methodology with and without physiological confounds. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 662, 237-243.

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Blasi, A., & Elwell, C. E. (2010). Illuminating the developing brain: The past, present and future of functional near infrared spectroscopy. NEUROSCIENCE AND BIOBEHAVIORAL REVIEWS, 34 (3), 269-284. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.008

• Banaji, M., Mallet, A., Elwell, C. E., Nicholls, P., Tachtsidis, I., Smith, M., & Cooper, C. E. (2010). Modelling of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and NIRS detection of cytochrome oxidase redox state. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 662, 285-291.

• Leung, T. S., Wittekind, A., Binzoni, T., Beneke, R., Cooper, C. E., & Elwell, C. E. (2010). Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measured Using "Cyclic NIR Signals" During Exercise.  OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXXI, 662, 183-189. SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1241-1_26

• Highton, D., Elwell, C., & Smith, M. (2010). Noninvasive cerebral oximetry: is there light at the end of the tunnel?. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 23 (5), 576-581.

• Gunadi, S., Powell, S., Elwell, C. E., & Leung, T. S. (2010). Optimization of the acousto-optic signal detection in cylindrical geometry.  PHOTONS PLUS ULTRASOUND: IMAGING AND SENSING 2010, 7564. SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING. doi:10.1117/12.842175

• Koh, P. H., Elwell, C. E., & Delpy, D. T. (2009). DEVELOPMENT OF ADYNAMIC TEST PHANTOM FOR OPTICAL TOPOGRAPHY.  OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXX, 645, 141-146. SPRINGER. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-85998-9_22

• Leung, T. S., Tachtsidis, I., Tisdall, M. M., Pritchard, C., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. E. (2009). Estimating a modified Grubb’s exponent in healthy human brains with near infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler. Physiological Measurement, 30 (1), 1-12. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/30/1/001

• Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T. S., Chopra, A., Koh, P. H., Reid, C. B., & Elwell, C. E. (2009). False positives in functional near infrared topography. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 645, 307-314. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-85998-9_46

• Tachtsidis, I., Pritchard, C., Tisdall, M. M., Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2009). Hypercapnea does not consistently increase the oxidation of cytochrome c oxidase in traumatic brain injury.  JOURNAL OF CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND METABOLISM, 29, S197. NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP.

• Tachtsidis, I., Tisdall, M. M., Leung, T. S., Pritchard, C., Cooper, C. E., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. E. (2009). Relationship between brain tissue haemodynamics, oxygenation and metabolism in the healthy human adult brain during hyperoxia and hypercapnea. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 645, 315-320.

• Leung, T. S., Tachtsidis, I., Tisdall, M. M., Pritchard, C., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. E. (2009). Reply to 'Comment on "Estimating a modified Grubb's exponent in healthy human brains with near infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler"'. PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT, 30 (10), L13-L14. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/30/10/L02

• Lloyd-Fox, S., Blasi, A., Volein, A., Everdell, N., Elwell, C. E., & Johnson, M. H. (2009). Social Perception in Infancy: A Near Infrared Spectroscopy Study. CHILD DEV, 80 (4), 986-999. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01312.x

• Tisdall, M. M., Taylor, C., Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2009). The effect on cerebral tissue oxygenation index of changes in the concentrations of inspired oxygen and end-tidal carbon dioxide in healthy adult volunteers. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 109 (3), 906-913. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181aedcdc

• Tachtsidis, I., Gramer, M., Leung, T., Tahir, B., Bareis-Kohl, M., Cooper, C., & Elwell, C. (2008). A hybrid multi-distance phase and broadband spatially resolved algorithm for resolving absolute concentrations of chromophores in the near infrared light spectrum: results from studies in dynamic phantoms.  Biomedical Optics 2008 Technical Digest, submitted.

• Banaji, M., Mallet, A., Elwell, C. E., Nicholls, P., & Cooper, C. E. (2008). A Model of Brain Circulation and Metabolism: NIRS Signal Changes during Physiological Challenges. PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY, 4 (11), ARTN e1000212. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000212

• Leung, T. S., Tisdall, M. M., Tachtsidis, I., Smith, M., Delpy, D. T., & Elwell, C. E. (2008). Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation calculated using low frequency haemoglobin oscillations measured by near infrared spectroscopy in adult ventilated patients. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 614, 235-244.

• Leff, D. R., Elwell, C. E., Orihuela-Espina, F., Atallah, L., Delpy, D. T., Darzi, A. W., & Yang, G. Z. (2008). Changes in prefrontal cortical behaviour depend upon familiarity on a bimanual co-ordination task: an fNIRS study. Neuroimage, 39 (2), 805-813. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.09.032

• Tisdall, M. M., Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2008). Changes in the attenuation of near infrared spectra by the healthy adult brain during hypoxaemia cannot be accounted for solely by changes in the concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 614, 217-225.

• Tisdall, M. M., Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2008). Increase in cerebral aerobic metabolism by normobaric hyperoxia after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 109 (3), 424-432. doi:10.3171/JNS/2008/109/9/0424

• Leung, T., Tachtsidis, I., Cooper, C., Tisdall, M., Pritchard, C., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. (2008). Investigating cross-talk in cytochrome c oxidase concentration quantification using near infrared spectroscopy in a two-layered model.  Biomedical Optics 2008 Technical Digest, submitted.

• Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T. S., Tisdall, M. M., Devendra, P., Smith, M., Delpy, D. T., & Elwell, C. E. (2008). Investigation of frontal cortex, motor cortex and systemic haemodynamic changes during anagram solving. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 614, 21-28.

• Tachtsidis, I., Tisdall, M., Delpy, D. T., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. E. (2008). Measurement of cerebral tissue oxygenation in young healthy volunteers during acetazolomide provocation: a transcranial Doppler and near infrared spectroscopy investigation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 614, 389-396. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74911-2_43

• Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T., Devoto, L., Delpy, D. T., & Elwell, C. E. (2008). Measurement of frontal lobe functional activation and related systemic effects: a near infrared spectroscopy investigation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 614, 397-403. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74911-2_44

• Tisdall, M., Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2007). Changes in cerebral tissue oxygen saturation measured by near infrared spectroscopy do not only reflect changes in oxygenation.  Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 19, 324-?.

• Blasi, A., Fox, S., Everdell, N., Volein, A., Tucker, L., Csibra, G., . . . Elwell, C. (2007). Depth dependent changes in cerebral haemodynamics during face perception in infants. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 52, 6849-6864.

• Koh, P. H., Glaser, D. E., Flandin, G., Butterworth, B., Maki, A., Delpy, D., & Elwell, C. E. (2007). Functional Optical Signal Analysis (fOSA): A Software Tool for NIRS Data Processing Incorporating Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). Journal of Biomedical Optics, in press (12), 6-?.

• Koh, P. H., Glaser, D. E., Flandin, G., Kiebel, S., Butterworth, B., Maki, A., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2007). Functional optical signal analysis: a software tool for near-infrared spectroscopy data processing incorporating statistical parametric mapping. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS, 12 (6), ARTN 064010. doi:10.1117/1.2804092

• Tachtsidis, I., Tisdall, M., Leung, T. S., Cooper, C. E., Delpy, D. T., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. E. (2007). Investigation of in vivo measurement of cerebral cytochrome-c-oxidase redox changes using near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with orthostatic hypotension. Physiological Measurement, 28 (2), 199-211. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/28/2/008

• Smith, M., Leung, T., Tisdall, M., Tachtsidis, I., & Elwell, C. E. (2007). Measurement of cerebral oxygen extraction fraction using near infrared spectroscopy in healthy adult volunteers.  Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 19 (4), 324.

• Leung, T., Tachtsidis, I., Tisdall, M., Smith, M., Delpy, D., Elwell, & C, E. (2007). Measuring cerebral blood flow using indocyanine green with near-infrared spectroscopy in the adult human head - Theory and Modelling. Applied Optics, 46 (10), 1604-1614.

• Tisdall, M. M., Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2007). Near-infrared spectroscopic quantification of changes in the concentration of oxidized cytochrome c oxidase in the healthy human brain during hypoxemia. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 12 (2), 024002-7. doi:10.1117/1.2718541

• Laufer, J. G., Delpy, D. T., Elwell, C. E., & Beard, P. C. (2007). Quantitative spatially resolved measurement of tissue chromophore concentrations using photoacoustic spectroscopy: application to the measurement of blood oxygenation and haemoglobin concentration. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 52, 141-168. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/52/1/010

• Rowley, A. B., Payne, S. J., Tachtsidis, I., Ebden, M. J., Whiteley, J. P., Gavaghan, D. J., . . . Delpy, D. T. (2007). Synchronization between arterial blood pressure and cerebral oxyhaemoglobin concentration investigated by wavelet cross-correlation. Physiological Measurement, 28 (2), 161-173. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/28/2/005

• Leung, T., Tachtsidis, I., Tisdall, M., Smith, M., Delpy, D., & Elwell, C. (2007). Theoretical investigation of measuring cerebral blood flow in the adult human head using bolus Indocyanine Green injection and near-infrared spectroscopy. Applied Optics, 46 (10), 1604-1614. doi:10.1364/AO.46.001604

• Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T., Tisdall, M., Smith, M., Delpy, D., & Elwell, C. E. (2006). Cerebral blood flow assessment with indocyanine green bolus transit detection by near infrared spectroscopy before and after acetazolamide challenge in humans.  Optical Society of America, ME67-?.

• Hunt, K., Tachtsidis, I., Bleasdale-Barr, K., Elwell, C., Mathias, C., & Smith, M. (2006). Changes in cerebral oxygenation and haemodynamics during postural blood pressure changes in patients with autonomic failure. Physiological Measurement, 27 (9), 777-785.

• Tisdall, M., Tachtsidis, I., Elwell, C., & Smith, M. (2006). Changes in concentration of oxidised cytochrome oxidase measured using both broadband and four wavelength near infrared spectroscopy reflect changes in oxygen delivery during hypoxaemia in healthy volunteers.  Biomedical Optics 2006 Technical Digest, ME66-?.

• Koh, P., Elwell, C., & Delpy, D. (2006). Functional Optical Signal Analysis (fOSA): a software tool for NIRS data processing. Biomedical Optics 2006 Technical Digest, ME71-?.

• Leung, T. S., Tachtsidis, I., Velayuthan, P., Oliver, C., Henty, J. R., Jones, H., . . . Delpy, D. T. (2006). Investigation of oxygen saturation derived from cardiac pulsations measured on the adult head using NIR spectroscopy. Adv Exp Med Biol, 578, 209-215. doi:10.1007/0-387-29540-2_34

• Leung, T., Tachtsidis, I., Velaynthan, P., Oliver, C., Henty, J., Jones, H., . . . Delpy, D. (2006). Investigation of oxygen saturation dervied from cardiac pulsations measured on the adult head using NIR spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 578, 209-215.

• Leung, T., Tachtsidis, I., Tisdall, M., Smith, M., Delpy, D., & Elwell, C. E. (2006). Measurement of cerebral blood flow with indocyanine green and NIRS, before and after the administration of acetazolamide.  British Journal of Neurosurgery, 20, 335.

• Leung, T. S., Tachtsidis, I., Smith, M., Delpy, D. T., & Elwell, C. E. (2006). Measurement of the absolute optical properties and cerebral blood volume of the adult human head with hybrid differential and spatially resolved spectroscopy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 51 (3), 703-717. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/51/3/015

• Leung, T. S., Tachtsidis, I., Smith, M., Delpy, D. T., & Elwell, C. E. (2006). Measurement of the absolute optical properties and cerebral blood volume of the adult human head with hybrid differential and spatially resolved spectroscopy. Phys Med Biol, 51 (3), 703-717. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/51/3/015

• Leung, T. S., Tachtsidis, I., Elwell, C. E., Delpy, D. T., Tisdall, M., Smith, M., & Arridge, S. (2006). Modelling of indocyanine green bolus with a finite element model of the adult human head and the Fick principle.  Biomedical Optics, Technical Digest, MC6-?. US: Optical Society of America.

  

• Griffin, M., Prior, D., Cooper, C., Wilkins, A., & Elwell, C. (2006). Near infrared spectroscopy as a non invasive assessment of cortical abnormality in migraine?.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 578, 203-208.

• Blasi, A., Everdell, N., Fox, S., Tucker, L., Volein A, C., G, H., . . . C. (2006). Near infrared topography with depth information for the detection of face perception in infants.  Biomedical Optics 2006 Technical Digest, ME16-?.

• Tisdall, M., Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2006). Non-invasive measurement of changes in cerebral mitochondrial oxygenation in human volunteers.  Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 18, 299-300.

• Leff, D., Koh, P., Aggarwal, R., Leong, J., Deligianni, F., Elwell, C., . . . Yang, G. (2006). Optical mapping of the frontal cortex during a surgical knot-tying task, a feasibility study. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4091, 140-147.

• Wong, F. Y., Austin, T., Henty, J., Elwell, C. E., Walker, A. M., Meek, J. H., & Wyatt, J. S. (2006). Preterm infants on inotropes have different cerebral oxygen metabolism measured by near infrared spectroscopy. EARLY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, 82 (9), 635-636.

• Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T. S., Oliver, C., Henty, J. R., Jones, H., Smith, M., . . . Elwell, C. E. (2006). Quantification of adult cerebral blood volume using the NIRS tissue oxygenation index. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 578, 237-243.

• Laufer, J., Elwell, C, Delpy, D, Beard, & P. (2006). Spatially resolved blood oxygenation measurements using time resolved photo-acoustic spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 578, 155-160.

• Laufer, J., Elwell, C., Delpy, D., & Beard, P. (2006). Spatially resolved measurements of blood oxygen saturation in a tissue phantom using photoacoustic spectroscopy.  Biomedical Optics 2006 Technical Digest, MC1-?.

• Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., & Delpy, D. T. (2005). Estimation of cerebral oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin concentration changes in a layered adult head model using near-infrared spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 50, 5783-5798. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/50/24/002

• Laufer, J., Elwell, C. E., Delpy, D. T., & Beard, P. C. (2005). In vitro measurements of absolute blood oxygen saturation using pulsed photoacoustic near infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy: accuracy and resolution. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 50, 4409-4428. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/50/18/011

• Tisdall, M., Tachtsidis, I., Bleasdale-Barr, K., Mathias, C., Delpy, D., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2005). Investigation of the cerebral haemoglobin and cytochrome signals using near infrared spectroscopy during head up tilt in patients with orthostatic hypotension.  Brain, 25, S571.

• Tachtsidis, I., Jones, H., Oliver, C., Delpy, D., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. E. (2005). Investigation of the changes in cerebral tissue oxygenation measured with near infrared spectroscopy in response to moderate hypercapnia.  Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 25 (Suppl.1), S193. doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9591524.0193

• Elwell, C. E., leung, T. S., austin, T., meek, J. H., delpy, D. T., wyatt, J. S., & Henty, J. R. (2005). Measurement of CMRO2 in neonates undergoing intensive care using near infrared spectroscopy. In P. Okunieff, J. Williams,, Y. Chen (Eds.), Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXVI (pp. 263-268).

• Tisdall, M., Tachtsidis, I., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2005). Non-invasive monitoring of carbon dioxide reactivity: spatially resolved spectroscopy near infrared spectroscopy and transcranial Doppler.  European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 22 (Suppl.36), 5. doi:10.1017/S0265021505001365

• Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., & Delpy, D. T. (2005). Optimal determination of detector placement in cerebral NIR spectroscopy of neonates using chemometric techniques.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 566, 9-15.

• Tachtsidis, I., Elwell, C. E., Leung, T., Bleasdale-Barr, K., Hunt, K., Toms, N., . . . Delpy, D. (2005). Rate of change in cerebral oxygenation and blood pressure in response to passive changes in posture: a comparison between pure autonomic failure patients and controls. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 566, 187-193.

• Elwell, C. E., Henty, J., Leung, T., Austin, T., Meek, J., Delpy, D., & Wyatt, J. (2005). Regional measurements of CMRO2 in neonates undergoing intensive care using near infrared spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 566, 263-268.

• Austin, T., Leung, T., Wong, F., Elwell, C. E., Henty, J., Meek, J. H., & Wyatt, J. S. (2005). Relationship between cerebral oxygen delivery, cerebral metabolic rate and the mean cerebral oxygen saturation in preterm infants.  PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, 58 (2), 357. INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC.

• Leung, T. S., Narendra, A., Elwell, C. E., Delpy, D. T., & Costeloe, K. (2004). A new method for the measurement of cerebral blood volume and total circulating blood volume using near infrared spatially resolved spectroscopy and indocyanine green: application and validation in neonates. Pediatric Research, 55 (1), 134-141.

• Tachtsidis, I., Cooper, C. E., McGown, A. D., Makker, H., Delpy, D. T., & Elwell, C. E. (2004). Changes in cerebral total haemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase redox state during deep apnoeas in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.  Proc. OSA Biomedical Topical Meeting.

• Tachtsidis, I., Elwell, C. E., Leung, T. S., Lee, C. W., Smith, M., & Delpy, D. T. (2004). Investigation of cerebral haemodynamics by near-infrared spectroscopy in young healthy volunteers reveals posture- dependent spontaneous oscillations. Physiological Measurement, 25 (2), 437-445. doi:10.1088/0967-3334/25/2/003

• Austin, T., Henry, J., Meek, J. H., Elwell, C. E., & Wyatt, J. S. (2004). Mean cerebral oxygen saturation increases with gestational age in preterm infants.  PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, 56 (3), 465. INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC. doi:10.1203/00006450-200409000-00033

• Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., Tachtsidis, I., Henty, J. R., & Delpy, D. T. (2004). Measurement of the optical properties of the adult human head with spatially resolved spectroscopy and changes of posture. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 540, 13-18.

• Csibra, G., Henty, J., Volein, A., Elwell, C., Tucker, L., Meel, J., & Johnson, M. (2004). Near infrared spectroscopy reveals neural activation during face perception in infants and adults. Journal of Pediatric Neurology, 2, 85-89.

• Tachtsidis, I., Leung, T., Oliver, C., Jones, H., Elwell, C. E., & Smith, M. (2004). Non invasive measurement of absolute cerebral blood volume in adults using a tissue oxygen index.  Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 16, 372.

• Smith, M., Tachtsidis, I., Elwell, C. E., Leung, T., & Delpy, D. (2004). Posture dependence of spontaneous oscillations in cerebral haemodynamics.  Anesthesia and Analgesia, 98, S140.

• Laufer, J., Elwell, C., Delpy, D., & Beard, P. (2004). Pulsed near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy of blood. 

• Austin, T., Henty, J., Elwell, C. E., & Wyatt, J. S. (2003). Mean cerebral saturation is an index of neonatal cerebral blood flow. Pediatric Research, 54 (4), 576-?.

• Austin, T., Henty, J., Elwell, C. E., & Wyatt, J. (2003). Mean cerebral saturation is an index of neonatal cerebral blood flow. Pediatric Research, 54(4), 576-?.

• McGown, A. D., Makker, H., Elwell, C., Al Rawi, P. G., Valipour, A., & Spiro, S. G. (2003). Measurement of changes in cytochrome oxidase redox state during obstructive sleep apnea using near-infrared spectroscopy. Sleep, 26 (6), 710-716.

• Leung, T., Elwell, C., Tachtsidis, I., Henty, J., & Delpy, D. (2003). Measurement of the optical properties of the adult human head with spatially resolved spectroscopy and changes in posture. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 540, 13-18.

• Mcleod, A. D., Igielman, F., Elwell, C., Cope, M., & Smith, M. (2003). Measuring cerebral oxygenation during normobaric hyperoxia: A comparison of tissue microprobes, near-infrared spectroscopy, and jugular venous oximetry in head injury. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 97 (3), 851-856.

• Leung, T. S., Elwell, C. E., Henty, J., & Delpy, D. T. (2003). Simultaneous measurement of cerebral tissue oxygenation over the adult frontal and motor cortex during rest and functional activation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 510, 385-389.

• Leung, T., Elwell, C., Henty, J., & Delpy, D. (2003). Simultaneous measurement of cerebral tissue oxygenation over the adult frontal and motor cortex during rest and functional activation.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 530, 385-389.

• Tachtsidis, I., Elwell, C. E., Lee, C. W., Leung, T. S., Smith, M., & Delpy, D. (2003). Spectral characteristics of spontaneous oscillations in cerebral haemodynamics are posture dependent. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 540, 31-36.

• Thavasothy, M., Broadhead, M., Elwell, C. E., Peters, M., & Smith, M. (2002). A Comparison of Cerebral Oxygenation as Measured by the NIRO 300 and the INVOS 5100 Near Infrared Spectrometers. Anaesthesia, 57 (10), 999-1006.

• Bleasdale-Barr, K., Tachtsidis, I., Hunt, K., Thoms, N., Henty, J., Elwell, C. E., . . . Mathias, C. (2002). Changes in cerebral oxygen saturation on postural change in patients with autonomic failure and orthostatic hypotension and controls. Clinical Autonomic Research, 12, 409-410.

• Hunt, K., Tachtsidis, I., Bleasdale-Barr, K., Thoms, N., Henty, J., Elwell, C. E., . . . Smith, M. (2002). Changes in cerebral tissue oxygenation during postural hypotension in patients with autonomic failure.  Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 14, 347-?.

• Gora, F., Shinde, S., Elwell, C. E., Goldstone, J. C., Cope, M., Delpy, D. T., & Smith, M. (2002). Noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow in adults using near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green: A pilot study. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 14 (3), 218-222.

• Gora, F., Shinde, S., Elwell, C. E., Goldstone, J. C., Cope, M., Delpy, D. T., & Smith, M. (2002). Noninvasive measurement of cerebral blood flow in adults using near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGICAL ANESTHESIOLOGY, 14 (3), 218-222. doi:10.1097/00008506-200207000-00008

• Elwell, C. E. (2000). A day in the Life of a Research Medical Physicist. The Biochemist, 22 (2), 41-42.

• Lovell, A., Marshall, A., Elwell, C. E., Smith, M., & Goldstone, J. (2000). Changes in cerebral blood volume with changes in position in awake anaesthetized subjects. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 90 (2), 372-376.

• Lee, T. Y., Gora, F., Elwell, C. E., Smith, M., Springett, R., Gharavi, J., . . . Delpy, D. T. (2000). Proceedings of the Inter-Institute Workshop on In Vivo Optical Imaging at the NIH, ed.A.H.Gandjbakhche. Washington DC.

• Meek, J. H., Elwell, C. E., McCormick, D. C., Edwards, A. D., Townsend, J. P., Stewart, A. L., & Wyatt, J. S. (1999). Abnormal cerebral haemodynamics in perinatally asphyxiated neonates related to outcome. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 81 (2), F110-F115.

• Lovell, A., Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C. E., Smith, M., & Goldstone, J. (1999). Continuous measurement of cerebral oxygenation by near infrared spectroscopy during induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 88 (3), 554-558.

• Meek, J. H., Tyszczuk, L., Elwell, C. E., & Wyatt, J. S. (1999). Low cerebral blood flow is a risk factor for severe intraventricular haemorrhage. Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition, 81 (1), F15-F18.

• Gora, F., Smith, M., Elwell, C. E., & Goldstone, J. (1999). Measurement of cerebral blood flow in adults using near infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine green.  Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 11, 334-?.

• Owen-Reece, H., Smith, M., Elwell, C. E., & Goldstone, J. C. (1999). Near infrared spectroscopy. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 82 (3), 418-426.

• Owen-Reece, H., Smith, M., Elwell, C. E., & Goldstone, J. C. (1999). Near infrared spectroscopy. BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA, 82 (3), 418-426.

• Elwell, C. E., Springett, R., Hillman, E., & Delpy, D. (1999). Oscillations in cerebral haemodynamics - implications for functional activation studies.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 417, 57-65.

• Meek, J., Noone, M., Elwell, C. E., & Wyatt, J. S. (1999). Visually evoked haemodynamic responses in infants with cerebral pathology. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, 45 (6), 909. doi:10.1203/00006450-199906000-00153

• Meek, J. H., Tyszczuk, L., Elwell, C. E., & Wyatt, J. S. (1998). Cerebral blood flow increases over the first three days of life in extremely preterm neonates. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 78, F33-F37.

• Tyszczuk, L., Meek, J. H., Elwell, C. E., & Wyatt, J. S. (1998). Cerebral blood flow is independent of mean arterial blood pressure in preterm infants undergoing intensive care. Pediatrics, 102, 337-341.

• Smith, M., Lovell, A., Elwell, C. E., & Goldstone, J. (1998). Changes in cerebral blood volume measured by near infrared spectroscopy.  Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 42, 606.

• Firbank, M., Elwell, C. E., Cooper, C. E., & Delpy, D. T. (1998). Experimental and theoretical comparison of NIR spectroscopy measurements of cerebral hemoglobin changes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85 (5), 1915-1921.

• Meek, J., Firbank, M., Elwell, C., Atkinson, J., Braddick, O., & Wyatt, J. (1998). Regional haemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants. Pediatric Research, 43 (6), pp.840-843.

• Meek, J. H., Firbank, M., Elwell, C. E., Atkinson, J., Braddick, O., & Wyatt, J. S. (1998). Regional hemodynamic responses to visual stimulation in awake infants. Pediatr Res, 43 (6), 840-843. doi:10.1203/00006450-199806000-00019

• Elwell, C., Cope, M., & Delpy, D. (1997). An analytical method for determining cerebrovascular transit time using near infrared spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 428, 561-568.

• Lovell, A., Marshall, A., Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C., Goldstone, J., & Smith, M. (1997). Changes in cerebral blood volume with change in posture measured by near infrared spectroscopy.  J. Neurosurg. Anesthiol, 9, 405-?.

• Lovell, A., Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C., Smith, M., & Goldstone, J. (1997). Comparison of the immediate effects of induction of anaesthesia with etomidate, propofol and thiopentone on cerebral haemodynamics.  British Journal of Anaesthesia, 78, 473P-?.

• Lovell, A. T., Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C. E., Smith, M., & Goldstone, J. C. (1997). Continuous measurement of cerebral oxygenation by NIRS during induction of anaesthesia. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 428, 213-218.

• Owen-Reece, H., Smith, M., Elwell, C., Lovell, A., & Goldstone, J. (1997). Jugular venus bulb oxygen saturation compared with cerebral saturation measured by near infrared spectroscopy.  Anesth. Analgesia, 84, S370-?.

• Elwell, C., Matcher, M., Tyszczuk, L., Meek, J., & Delpy, D. (1997). Measurement of cerebral venous saturation in adults using near infrared spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 411, 453-460.

• Lovell, A., Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C., Smith, M., & Goldstone, J. (1997). Oscillations in arterial saturation: implications for the measurement of cerebral blood flow with near infrared spectroscopy.  Br. J. Anaesth, 78, 463P-?.

• Lovell, A. T., Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C. E., Smith, M., & Goldstone, J. C. (1997). Predicting oscillation in arterial saturation from cardiorespiratory variables. Implications for the measurement of cerebral blood flow with NIRS during anaesthesia. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 428, 629-638.

• Cooper, C., Sharpe, M., Elwell, C. E., Springett, R., Penrice, J., Tyszczuk, L., . . . Delpy, D. T. (1997). The cytochrome oxidase redox state in vivo.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 428, 449-456.

• Elwell, C., Owen-Reece, H., Wyatt, J., Cope, M., Reynolds, E., & Delpy, D. (1996). Influence of respiration and changes in expiratory pressure on cerebral haemoglobin concentration measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 16 (2), 353-357.

• Duncan, A., Meek, J., Clemence, M., Elwell, C., Fallon, P., Tyszczuk, L., . . . Delpy, D. (1996). Measurement of cranial optical pathlength as a function of age using phase resolved near infrared spectroscopy. Pediatric Research, 39 (5), 889-894.

• Owen-Reece, H., Smith, M., Elwell, C., Goldstone, J., & Delpy, D. (1996). Near-infrared spectroscopy and cerebral haemodynamics. Critical Care Medicine, 24 (8), 1424.

• Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C., Wyatt, J., & Delpy, D. (1996). THe effects of scalp ischaemia on measurement of cerebral blood volume by near infrared spectroscopy. Physiological Measurement, 17 (4), 279-286.

• Cooper, C., Elwell, C., Meek, J., Matcher, S., Wyatt, J., Cope, M., & Delpy, D. (1996). The noninvasive measurement of absolute cerebral deoxyhaemoglobin concentration and mean optical pathlength in the neonatal brain by second derivative near infrared spectroscopy. Pediatric Research, 39 (1), 32-38.

• OwenReece, H., Smith, M., Elwell, C. E., Goldstone, J. C., & Delpy, D. T. (1996). Untitled. CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, 24 (8), 1424. doi:10.1097/00003246-199608000-00028

• Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C., Harkness, W., Goldstone, J., Delpy, D., Wyatt, J., & Smith, M. (1996). Use of near infrared spectroscopy to estimate cerebral blood flow in conscious and anaesthetised adult subjects. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 76 (1), 43-48.

• OwenReece, H., Elwell, C. E., Harkness, W., Goldstone, J., Delpy, D. T., Wyatt, J. S., & Smith, M. (1996). Use of near infrared spectroscopy to estimate cerebral blood flow in conscious and anaesthetized adult subjects. BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA, 76 (1), 43-48.

• Elwell, C. (1995). A Practical Users Guide to Near Infrared Spectroscopy. London, UK: Hamamatsu Photonics KK.

• Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C., Smith, M., Delpy, D., Wyatt, J., & Harkness, W. (1995). Effect of extracerebral tissue on non-invasive measurement of cerebral blood flow by near infrared spectroscopy.  Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 58, 117.

• MEEK, J. H., ELWELL, C. E., OSMUND, E., REYNOLDS, E. O. R., & WYATT, J. S. (1995). EFFECT OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH-RETARDATION ON POSTNATAL CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, 38 (3), 443.

• COOPER, C. E., ELWELL, C. E., MEEK, J. H., MATCHER, S. J., PENRICE, J., TYSZCZUK, L., . . . DELPY, D. (1995). NONINVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF ABSOLUTE DEOXY-HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION IN THE NEONATAL BRAIN. PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, 38 (3), 429.

• Duncan, A., Meek, J., Clemence, M., Elwell, C., Tyszczuk, L., Cope, M., & Delpy, D. (1995). Optical pathlength measurements on adult head, calf and forearm and the head of the newborn infant using phase resolved optical spectroscopy. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 40 (2), 295-304.

• Matcher, S., Elwell, C., Cooper, C., Cope, M., & Delpy, D. (1995). Performance comparison of several published tissue near infrared spectroscopy algorithms. Analytical Biochemistry, 227 (1), 54-68.

• Meek, J. H., Elwell, C. E., Khan, M. J., Romaya, J., Wyatt, J. S., Delpy, D. T., & Zeki, S. (1995). Regional changes in cerebral haemodynamics as a result of a visual stimulus measured by near infrared spectroscopy. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 261, 351-356. doi:10.1098/rspb.1995.0158

• Elwell, C. C., M, K., D, O. -. R., H, C., C, R., E, D., & D. (1994). An automated system for the measurement of the response of cerebral blood volume and cerebral blood flow to changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension using near infrared spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 361, 143-155.

• MEEK, J. H., ELWELL, C. E., KHAN, A. J., ROMAYA, J., WYATT, J. S., DELPY, D. T., & ZEKI, S. (1994). CHANGES IN OCCIPITAL HEMODYNAMICS DUE TO A VISUAL STIMULUS DETECTED BY NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON, 479P, P83.

• Elwell, C., Owen-Reece, H., Cope, M., Edwards, A., Wyatt, J., Reynolds, E., & Delpy, D. (1994). Measurement of changes in cerebral haemodynamics during inspiration and expiration using near infrared spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 345, 619-626.

• Owen-Reece, H., Elwell, C., Fallon, P., Goldstone, J., & Smith, M. (1994). Near infrared oximetry and near infrared spectroscopy. Anaesthesia, 49 (12), 1102-1103.

• OWENREECE, H., ELWELL, C. E., FALLON, P., GOLDSTONE, J., & SMITH, M. (1994). NEAR-INFRARED OXIMETRY AND NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY. ANAESTHESIA, 49 (12), 1102-1103. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1994.tb04380.x

• de Blasi, R., Alviggi, I., Cope, M., Elwell, C., & Ferrari, M. (1994). Noninvasive measurement of forearm consumption during exercise by near infrared spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 345, 685-692.

• Elwell, C., Cope, M., Edwards, A., Wyatt, J., Delpy, D., & Reynolds, E. (1994). Quantification of adult cerebral haemodynamics by near infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Applied Physiology, 77 (6), 2753-2760.

• OWENREECE, H., ELWELL, C. E., SMITH, M., DELPY, D. T., WYATT, J. S., & GOLDSTONE, J. (1994). USE OF NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO ESTIMATE CEREBRAL BLOOD-FLOW IN CONSCIOUS SUBJECTS AND DURING GENERAL-ANESTHESIA. BRITISH JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA, 73 (2), P267.

• Elwell, C., Owen-Reece, H., Cope, M., Wyatt, J., Edwards, A., Delpy, D., & Reynolds, E. (1993). Measurement of adult cerebral haemodynamics using near infrared spectroscopy. Acta Neurochirurgica Suppl, 59, 74-80.

• Edwards, A., Richardson, C., van, D. Z. P., Elwell, C., & Wyatt, J. (1993). Measurement of haemoglobin flow using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Journal of Applied Physiology, 75 (4), 1884-1889.

• de, B. R., Cope, M., Elwell, C., Safoue, F., & Ferrari, M. (1993). Noninvasive measurement of human forearm oxygen consumption by near infrared spectroscopy. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 67 (1), 20-25.

• Essenpreis, M., Elwell, C., Arridge, S., van, D. Z. P., & Delpy, D. (1993). Spectral dependence of temporal point spread functions in human tissue. Applied Optics, 32 (4), 418-425.

• ESSENPREIS, M., ELWELL, C. E., COPE, M., VANDERZEE, P., ARRIDGE, S., & DELPY, D. T. (1993). SPECTRAL DEPENDENCE OF TEMPORAL POINT SPREAD FUNCTIONS IN HUMAN TISSUES. APPLIED OPTICS, 32 (4), 418-425.

• Essenpreis, M., Cope, M., Elwell, C., Arridge, S., van der Zee, P., & Delpy, D. (1993). Wavelength dependence of the differential pathlength factor and the log slope in time-resolved tissue spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 333, 9-20.

• Edwards, A. D., McCormick, D. C., Roth, S. C., Elwell, C. E., Peebles, D. M., Cope, M., . . . Reynolds, E. O. (1992). Cerebral hemodynamic effects of treatment with modified natural surfactant investigated by near infrared spectroscopy. Pediatric Research, 32 (2), 532-536.

• Elwell, C. E., Cope, M., Edwards, A., Wyatt, J., Reynolds, E., & Delpy, D. (1992). Measurement of cerebral blood flow in adult humans using near infrared spectroscopy.  Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 317, 235-245-?.

• Romaya, J., Meek, J. H., Elwell, C. E., Khan, A. J., Wyatt, J. S., & Delpy, D. T. (1990). Changes in occipital haemodynamics due to a visual stimulus detected by near infrared spectroscopy. Journal of Physiology, 479 P (Issue suppl), 83P.

• Blasi, A., Koh, P., Lloyd-Fox, S., Shimada, S., & Elwell, C. E. (n.d.). Comparison of parametric and non-parametric data analysis packanges for near infrared spectroscopy functional activation studies.  Biomedical Optics 2008 Technical Digest, submitted.

• Kolyva, C., Ghosh, A., Tachtsidis, I., Highton, D., Cooper, C. E., Smith, M., & Elwell, C. E. (n.d.). Cytochrome c Oxidase Response to Changes in Cerebral Oxygen Delivery in the Adult Brain Shows Higher Brain-Specificity than Haemoglobin. NeuroImage (0). doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.070